Soil Heat Flux in Arid Crop Fields
==================================

Table 1. Representative soil heat flux ranges at 5 cm depth in arid environments.

.. list-table::
   :header-rows: 1
   :widths: 20 15 15 15 20 15

   * - Environment
     - Season
     - Daily Max G (W/m²)
     - Daily Min G (W/m²)
     - Daily Mean G (W/m²)
     - Source (APA Citation)

   * - **Natural desert (bare soil)**
     - Summer (peak)
     - ~200–250
     - ~–40 to –60
     - +20 to +30 (net gain)
     - Kustas et al. (2000)

   * - **Natural desert (bare soil)**
     - Winter (cool)
     - ~30–50
     - ~–5 to –15
     - ~0 (approx. balanced)
     - Soltani et al. (2020)

   * - **Arid cropland (bare soil)**
     - Summer (early)
     - ~150–200
     - ~–30 to –50
     - +5 to +15
     - Wang et al. (2015)

   * - **Arid cropland (with crop)**
     - Summer (mid)
     - ~50–100
     - ~–10 to –30
     - ~0 (near neutral)
     - Sauer & Horton (2005)

   * - **Arid cropland (fallow)**
     - Winter
     - ~20–40
     - ~–5 to –10
     - –0 to –5 (net loss)
     - Soltani et al. (2020)

References
----------

- Kustas, W. P., Prueger, J. H., Hatfield, J. L., Ramalingam, K., & Hipps, L. E., 2000, Variability in soil heat flux from a mesquite dune site: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, d103(3), 249-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00130-3

- Sauer, T. J., & Horton, R., 2005, Soil heat flux *in* J. L. Hatfield & J. M. Baker, eds., Micrometeorology in Agricultural Systems: American Society of Agronomy, pp. 131–154, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr47.c7

- Soltani, M., Haghighi, E., & Zeyghami, M., 2020, Estimation of soil heat flux using remote sensing data in an arid region: Journal of Arid Environments, 174, 104047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.104047

- Wang, Z., Li, S., Li, Z., & Wang, Q., 2015, Soil heat flux dynamics in potato fields mulched with plastic film in an arid area of Northwest China: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 202, 37-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.12.008